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http://www.newstarget.com/022383.html December 14,
2007 by: Mike Adams
Think U.S. health authorities have never conducted
outrageous medical experiments on children, women,
minorities, homosexuals and inmates? Think again: This
timeline, originally put together by Dani Veracity (a
NewsTarget reporter), has been edited and updated with
recent vaccination experimentation programs in Maryland
and New Jersey. Here's what's really happening
in the United States when it comes to exploiting the
public for medical experimentation:
(1906)
Harvard professor Dr. Richard Strong infects prisoners
in the Philippines with cholera to study the disease; 13
of them die. He compensates survivors with cigars and
cigarettes. During the Nuremberg Trials, Nazi doctors
cite this study to justify their own medical experiments
(Greger,
Sharav).
(1911)
Dr. Hideyo Noguchi of the Rockefeller Institute for
Medical Research publishes data on injecting an inactive
syphilis preparation into the skin of 146 hospital
patients and normal children in an attempt to develop a
skin test for syphilis. Later, in 1913, several of these
children's parents sue Dr. Noguchi for allegedly
infecting their children with syphilis ("Reviews
and Notes: History of Medicine: Subjected to Science:
Human Experimentation in America before the Second World
War").
(1913)
Medical experimenters "test" 15 children at the
children's home St. Vincent's House in Philadelphia with
tuberculin, resulting in permanent blindness in some of
the children. Though the Pennsylvania House of
Representatives records the incident, the researchers
are not punished for the experiments ("Human
Experimentation: Before the Nazi Era and After").
(1915)
Dr. Joseph Goldberger, under order of the U.S. Public
Health Office, produces Pellagra, a debilitating disease
that affects the central nervous system, in 12
Mississippi inmates to try to find a cure for the
disease. One test subject later says that he had been
through "a thousand hells." In 1935, after millions die
from the disease, the director of the U.S Public Health
Office would finally admit that officials had known that
it was caused by a niacin deficiency for some time, but
did nothing about it because it mostly affected poor
African-Americans. During the Nuremberg Trials, Nazi
doctors used this study to try to justify their medical
experiments on concentration camp inmates (Greger;
Cockburn and St. Clair, eds.).
(1932)
(1932-1972) The U.S. Public Health Service in Tuskegee,
Ala. diagnoses 400 poor, black sharecroppers with
syphilis but never tells them of their illness nor
treats them; instead researchers use the men as human
guinea pigs to follow the symptoms and progression of
the disease. They all eventually die from syphilis and
their families are never told that they could have been
treated (Goliszek,
University of Virginia Health System Health Sciences
Library).
(1939)
In order to test his theory on the roots of stuttering,
prominent speech pathologist Dr. Wendell Johnson
performs his famous "Monster Experiment" on 22 children
at the Iowa Soldiers' Orphans' Home in Davenport. Dr.
Johnson and his graduate students put the children under
intense psychological pressure, causing them to switch
from speaking normally to stuttering heavily. At the
time, some of the students reportedly warn Dr. Johnson
that, "in the aftermath of World War II, observers might
draw comparisons to Nazi experiments on human subjects,
which could destroy his career" (Alliance
for Human Research Protection).
(1941)
Dr. William C. Black infects a 12-month-old baby with
herpes as part of a medical experiment. At the time, the
editor of the Journal of Experimental Medicine,
Francis Payton Rous, calls it "an abuse of power, an
infringement of the rights of an individual, and not
excusable because the illness which followed had
implications for science" (Sharav).
An article in a 1941 issue of Archives of Pediatrics
describes medical studies of the severe gum disease
Vincent's angina in which doctors transmit the disease
from sick children to healthy children with oral swabs
(Goliszek).
Researchers give 800 poverty-stricken pregnant women at
a Vanderbilt University prenatal clinic "cocktails"
including radioactive iron in order to determine the
iron requirements of pregnant women (Pacchioli).
(1942)
The Chemical Warfare Service begins mustard gas and
lewisite experiments on 4,000 members of the U.S.
military. Some test subjects don't realize they are
volunteering for chemical exposure experiments, like
17-year-old Nathan Schnurman, who in 1944 thinks he is
only volunteering to test "U.S. Navy summer clothes" (Goliszek).
Merck Pharmaceuticals President George Merck is named
director of the War Research Service (WRS), an agency
designed to oversee the establishment of a biological
warfare program (Goliszek).
(1944 - 1946) A captain in the medical corps addresses
an April 1944 memo to Col. Stanford Warren, head of the
Manhattan Project's Medical Section, expressing his
concerns about atom bomb component fluoride's central
nervous system (CNS) effects and asking for animal
research to be done to determine the extent of these
effects: "Clinical evidence suggests that uranium
hexafluoride may have a rather marked central nervous
system effect ... It seems most likely that the F [code
for fluoride] component rather than the T [code for
uranium] is the causative factor ... Since work with
these compounds is essential, it will be necessary to
know in advance what mental effects may occur after
exposure." The following year, the Manhattan Project
would begin human-based studies on fluoride's effects (Griffiths
and Bryson).
The Manhattan Project medical team, led by the now
infamous University of Rochester radiologist Col.
Safford Warren, injects plutonium into patients at the
University's teaching hospital, Strong Memorial (Burton
Report).
(1945)
Continuing the Manhattan Project, researchers inject
plutonium into three patients at the University of
Chicago's Billings Hospital (Sharav).
The U.S. State Department, Army intelligence and the CIA
begin Operation Paperclip, offering Nazi scientists
immunity and secret identities in exchange for work on
top-secret government projects on aerodynamics and
chemical warfare medicine in the United States ("Project
Paperclip").
(1945 - 1955) In Newburgh, N.Y., researchers linked to
the Manhattan Project begin the most extensive American
study ever done on the health effects of fluoridating
public drinking water (Griffiths
and Bryson).
(1946)
Continuing the Newburg study of 1945, the Manhattan
Project commissions the University of Rochester to study
fluoride's effects on animals and humans in a project
codenamed "Program F." With the help of the New York
State Health Department, Program F researchers secretly
collect and analyze blood and tissue samples from
Newburg residents. The studies are sponsored by the
Atomic Energy Commission and take place at the
University of Rochester Medical Center's Strong Memorial
Hospital (Griffiths
and Bryson).
(1946 - 1947) University of Rochester researchers inject
four male and two female human test subjects with
uranium-234 and uranium-235 in dosages ranging from 6.4
to 70.7 micrograms per one kilogram of body weight in
order to study how much uranium they could tolerate
before their kidneys become damaged (Goliszek).
Six male employees of a Chicago metallurgical laboratory
are given water contaminated with plutonium-239 to drink
so that researchers can learn how plutonium is absorbed
into the digestive tract (Goliszek).
Researchers begin using patients in VA hospitals as test
subjects for human medical experiments, cleverly worded
as "investigations" or "observations" in medical study
reports to avoid negative connotations and bad publicity
(Sharav).
The American public finally learns of the biowarfare
experiments being done at Fort Detrick from a report
released by the War Department (Goliszek).
(1947)
Col. E.E. Kirkpatrick of the U.S. Atomic Energy
Commission (AEC) issues a top-secret document (707075)
dated Jan. 8. In it, he writes that "certain radioactive
substances are being prepared for intravenous
administration to human subjects as a part of the work
of the contract" (Goliszek).
A secret AEC document dated April 17 reads, "It is
desired that no document be released which refers to
experiments with humans that might have an adverse
reaction on public opinion or result in legal suits,"
revealing that the U.S. government was aware of the
health risks its nuclear tests posed to military
personnel conducting the tests or nearby civilians
(Goliszek).
The CIA begins studying LSD's potential as a weapon by
using military and civilian test subjects for
experiments without their consent or even knowledge.
Eventually, these LSD studies will evolve into the
MKULTRA program in 1953 (Sharav).
(1947 - 1953) The U.S. Navy begins Project Chatter to
identify and test so-called "truth serums," such as
those used by the Soviet Union to interrogate spies.
Mescaline and the central nervous system depressant
scopolamine are among the many drugs tested on human
subjects (Goliszek).
(1948)
Based on the secret studies performed on Newburgh, N.Y.
residents beginning in 1945, Project F researchers
publish a report in the August 1948 edition of the
Journal of the American Dental Association,
detailing fluoride's health dangers. The U.S. Atomic
Energy Commission (AEC) quickly censors it for "national
security" reasons (Griffiths
and Bryson).
(1950)
(1950 - 1953) The U.S. Army releases chemical clouds
over six American and Canadian cities. Residents in
Winnipeg, Canada, where a highly toxic chemical called
cadmium is dropped, subsequently experience high rates
of respiratory illnesses (Cockburn
and St. Clair, eds.).
In order to determine how susceptible an American city
could be to biological attack, the U.S. Navy sprays a
cloud of Bacillus globigii bacteria from ships
over the San Francisco shoreline. According to
monitoring devices situated throughout the city to test
the extent of infection, the eight thousand residents of
San Francisco inhale five thousand or more bacteria
particles, many becoming sick with pneumonia-like
symptoms (Goliszek).
Dr. Joseph Strokes of the University of Pennsylvania
infects 200 female prisoners with viral hepatitis to
study the disease (Sharav).
Doctors at the Cleveland City Hospital study changes in
cerebral blood flow by injecting test subjects with
spinal anesthesia, inserting needles in their jugular
veins and brachial arteries, tilting their heads down
and, after massive blood loss causes paralysis and
fainting, measuring their blood pressure. They often
perform this experiment multiple times on the same
subject (Goliszek).
Dr. D. Ewen Cameron, later of MKULTRA infamy due to his
1957 to1964 experiments on Canadians, publishes an
article in the British Journal of Physical Medicine,
in which he describes experiments that entail forcing
schizophrenic patients at Manitoba's Brandon Mental
Hospital to lie naked under 15- to 200-watt red lamps
for up to eight hours per day. His other experiments
include placing mental patients in an electric cage that
overheats their internal body temperatures to 103
degrees Fahrenheit, and inducing comas by giving
patients large injections of insulin (Goliszek).
(1951)
The U.S. Army secretly contaminates the Norfolk Naval
Supply Center in Virginia and Washington, D.C.'s
National Airport with a strain of bacteria chosen
because African-Americans were believed to be more
susceptible to it than Caucasians. The experiment causes
food poisoning, respiratory problems and blood poisoning
(Cockburn
and St. Clair, eds.).
(1951 - 1956) Under contract with the Air Force's School
of Aviation Medicine (SAM), the University of Texas M.D.
Anderson Cancer Center in Houston begins studying the
effects of radiation on cancer patients -- many of them
members of minority groups or indigents, according to
sources -- in order to determine both radiation's
ability to treat cancer and the possible long-term
radiation effects of pilots flying nuclear-powered
planes. The study lasts until 1956, involving 263 cancer
patients. Beginning in 1953, the subjects are required
to sign a waiver form, but it still does not meet the
informed consent guidelines established by the Wilson
memo released that year. The TBI studies themselves
would continue at four different institutions -- Baylor
University College of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering
Institute for Cancer Research, the U.S. Naval Hospital
in Bethesda and the University of Cincinnati College of
Medicine -- until 1971 (U.S.
Department of Energy, Goliszek).
American, Canadian and British military and intelligence
officials gather a small group of eminent psychologists
to a secret meeting at the Ritz-Carlton Hotel in
Montreal about Communist "thought-control techniques."
They proposed a top-secret research program on behavior
modification -- involving testing drugs, hypnosis,
electroshock and lobotomies on humans (Barker).
(1952)
At the famous Sloan-Kettering Institute, Chester M.
Southam injects live cancer cells into prisoners at the
Ohio State Prison to study the progression of the
disease. Half of the prisoners in this National
Institutes of Health-sponsored (NIH) study are black,
awakening racial suspicions stemming from Tuskegee,
which was also an NIH-sponsored study (Merritte,
et al.).
(1953 - 1974) The U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC)
sponsors iodine studies at the University of Iowa. In
the first study, researchers give pregnant women 100 to
200 microcuries of iodine-131 and then study the women's
aborted embryos in order to learn at what stage and to
what extent radioactive iodine crosses the placental
barrier. In the second study, researchers give 12 male
and 13 female newborns under 36 hours old and weighing
between 5.5 and 8.5 pounds iodine-131 either orally or
via intramuscular injection, later measuring the
concentration of iodine in the newborns' thyroid glands
(Goliszek).
As part of an AEC study, researchers feed 28 healthy
infants at the University of Nebraska College of
Medicine iodine-131 through a gastric tube and then test
concentration of iodine in the infants' thyroid glands
24 hours later (Goliszek).
(1953 - 1957) Eleven patients at Massachusetts General
Hospital in Boston are injected with uranium as part of
the Manhattan Project (Sharav).
In an AEC-sponsored study at the University of
Tennessee, researchers inject healthy two- to
three-day-old newborns with approximately 60 rads of
iodine-131 (Goliszek).
Newborn Daniel Burton becomes blind when physicians at
Brooklyn Doctors Hospital perform an experimental high
oxygen treatment for Retrolental Fibroplasia, a retinal
disorder affecting premature infants, on him and other
premature babies. The physicians perform the
experimental treatment despite earlier studies showing
that high oxygen levels cause blindness. Testimony in
Burton v. Brooklyn Doctors Hospital (452
N.Y.S.2d875) later reveals that researchers continued to
give Burton and other infants excess oxygen even after
their eyes had swelled to dangerous levels (Goliszek,
Sharav).
A 1953 article in Clinical Science describes a
medical experiment in which researchers purposely
blister the abdomens of 41 children, ranging in age from
eight to 14, with cantharide in order to study how
severely the substance irritates the skin (Goliszek).
The AEC performs a series of field tests known as "Green
Run," dropping radiodine 131 and xenon 133 over the
Hanford, Wash. site -- 500,000 acres encompassing three
small towns (Hanford, White Bluffs and Richland) along
the Columbia River (Sharav).
In an AEC-sponsored study to learn whether radioactive
iodine affects premature babies differently from
full-term babies, researchers at Harper Hospital in
Detroit give oral doses of iodine-131 to 65 premature
and full-term infants weighing between 2.1 and 5.5
pounds (Goliszek).
(1955 - 1957) In order to learn how cold weather affects
human physiology, researchers give a total of 200 doses
of iodine-131, a radioactive tracer that concentrates
almost immediately in the thyroid gland, to 85 healthy
Eskimos and 17 Athapascan Indians living in Alaska. They
study the tracer within the body by blood, thyroid
tissue, urine and saliva samples from the test subjects.
Due to the language barrier, no one tells the test
subjects what is being done to them, so there is no
informed consent (Goliszek).
(1956 - 1957) U.S. Army covert biological weapons
researchers release mosquitoes infected with yellow
fever and dengue fever over Savannah, Ga., and Avon
Park, Fla., to test the insects' ability to carry
disease. After each test, Army agents pose as public
health officials to test victims for effects and take
pictures of the unwitting test subjects. These
experiments result in a high incidence of fevers,
respiratory distress, stillbirths, encephalitis and
typhoid among the two cities' residents, as well as
several deaths (Cockburn
and St. Clair, eds.).
(1957)
The U.S. military conducts Operation Plumbbob at the
Nevada Test Site, 65 miles northwest of Las Vegas.
Operation Pumbbob consists of 29 nuclear detonations,
eventually creating radiation expected to result in a
total 32,000 cases of thyroid cancer among civilians in
the area. Around 18,000 members of the U.S. military
participate in Operation Pumbbob's Desert Rock VII and
VIII, which are designed to see how the average foot
soldier physiologically and mentally responds to a
nuclear battlefield ("Operation
Plumbbob", Goliszek).
(1957 - 1964) As part of MKULTRA, the CIA pays McGill
University Department of Psychiatry founder Dr. D. Ewen
Cameron $69,000 to perform LSD studies and potentially
lethal experiments on Canadians being treated for minor
disorders like post-partum depression and anxiety at the
Allan Memorial Institute, which houses the Psychiatry
Department of the Royal Victoria Hospital in Montreal.
The CIA encourages Dr. Cameron to fully explore his
"psychic driving" concept of correcting madness through
completely erasing one's memory and rewriting the
psyche. These "driving" experiments involve putting
human test subjects into drug-, electroshock- and
sensory deprivation-induced vegetative states for up to
three months, and then playing tape loops of noise or
simple repetitive statements for weeks or months in
order to "rewrite" the "erased" psyche. Dr. Cameron also
gives human test subjects paralytic drugs and
electroconvulsive therapy 30 to 40 times, as part of his
experiments. Most of Dr. Cameron's test subjects suffer
permanent damage as a result of his work (Goliszek,
"Donald Ewan Cameron").
In order to study how blood flows through children's
brains, researchers at Children's Hospital in
Philadelphia perform the following experiment on healthy
children, ranging in age from three to 11: They insert
needles into each child's femoral artery (thigh) and
jugular vein (neck), bringing the blood down from the
brain. Then, they force each child to inhale a special
gas through a facemask. In their subsequent Journal
of Clinical Investigation article on this study,
the researchers note that, in order to perform the
experiment, they had to restrain some of the child test
subjects by bandaging them to boards (Goliszek).
(1958)
The U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) drops
radioactive materials over Point Hope, Alaska, home to
the Inupiats, in a field test known under the codename
"Project Chariot" (Sharav).
(1961)
In response to the Nuremberg Trials, Yale psychologist
Stanley Milgram begins his famous Obedience to Authority
Study in order to answer his question "Could it be that
(Adolf) Eichmann and his million accomplices in the
Holocaust were just following orders? Could we call them
all accomplices?" Male test subjects, ranging in age
from 20 to 40 and coming from all education backgrounds,
are told to give "learners" electric shocks for every
wrong answer the learners give in response to word pair
questions. In reality, the learners are actors and are
not receiving electric shocks, but what matters is that
the test subjects do not know that. Astoundingly, they
keep on following orders and continue to administer
increasingly high levels of "shocks," even after the
actor learners show obvious physical pain ("Milgram
Experiment").
(1962)
Researchers at the Laurel Children's Center in Maryland
test experimental acne antibiotics on children and
continue their tests even after half of the young test
subjects develop severe liver damage because of the
experimental medication (Goliszek).
The FDA begins requiring that a new pharmaceutical
undergo three human clinical trials before it will
approve it. From 1962 to 1980, pharmaceutical companies
satisfy this requirement by running Phase I trials,
which determine a drug's toxicity, on prison inmates,
giving them small amounts of cash for compensation (Sharav).
(1963)
Chester M. Southam, who injected Ohio State Prison
inmates with live cancer cells in 1952, performs the
same procedure on 22 senile, African-American female
patients at the Brooklyn Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital
in order to watch their immunological response. Southam
tells the patients that they are receiving "some cells,"
but leaves out the fact that they are cancer cells. He
claims he doesn't obtain informed consent from the
patients because he does not want to frighten them by
telling them what he is doing, but he nevertheless
temporarily loses his medical license because of it.
Ironically, he eventually becomes president of the
American Cancer Society (Greger,
Merritte, et al.).
Researchers at the University of Washington directly
irradiate the testes of 232 prison inmates in order to
determine radiation's effects on testicular function.
When these inmates later leave prison and have children,
at least four have babies born with birth defects. The
exact number is unknown because researchers never follow
up on the men to see the long-term effects of their
experiment (Goliszek).
(1963 - 1966) New York University researcher Saul
Krugman promises parents with mentally disabled children
definite enrollment into the Willowbrook State School in
Staten Island, N.Y., a resident mental institution for
mentally retarded children, in exchange for their
signatures on a consent form for procedures presented as
"vaccinations." In reality, the procedures involve
deliberately infecting children with viral hepatitis by
feeding them an extract made from the feces of infected
patients, so that Krugman can study the course of viral
hepatitis as well the effectiveness of a hepatitis
vaccine (Hammer
Breslow).
(1963 - 1971) Leading endocrinologist Dr. Carl Heller
gives 67 prison inmates at Oregon State Prison in Salem
$5 per month and $25 per testicular tissue biopsy in
compensation for allowing him to perform irradiation
experiments on their testes. If they receive vasectomies
at the end of the study, the prisoners are given an
extra $100 (Sharav,
Goliszek).
Researchers inject a genetic compound called radioactive
thymidine into the testicles of more than 100 Oregon
State Penitentiary inmates to learn whether sperm
production is affected by exposure to steroid hormones (Greger).
In a study published in Pediatrics, researchers
at the University of California's Department of
Pediatrics use 113 newborns ranging in age from one hour
to three days old in a series of experiments used to
study changes in blood pressure and blood flow. In one
study, doctors insert a catheter through the newborns'
umbilical arteries and into their aortas and then
immerse the newborns' feet in ice water while recording
aortic pressure. In another experiment, doctors strap 50
newborns to a circumcision board, tilt the table so that
all the blood rushes to their heads and then measure
their blood pressure (Goliszek).
(1964 - 1967) The Dow Chemical Company pays Professor
Kligman $10,000 to learn how dioxin -- a highly toxic,
carcinogenic component of Agent Orange -- and other
herbicides affect human skin because workers at the
chemical plant have been developing an acne-like
condition called Chloracne and the company would like to
know whether the chemicals they are handling are to
blame. As part of the study, Professor Kligman applies
roughly the amount of dioxin Dow employees are exposed
to on the skin 60 prisoners, and is disappointed when
the prisoners show no symptoms of Chloracne. In 1980 and
1981, the human guinea pigs used in this study would
begin suing Professor Kligman for complications
including lupus and psychological damage (Kaye).
(1965)
As part of a test codenamed "Big Tom," the Department of
Defense sprays Oahu, Hawaii's most heavily populated
island, with Bacillus globigii in order to
simulate an attack on an island complex. Bacillus
globigii causes infections in people with weakened
immune systems, but this was not known to scientists at
the time (Goliszek,
Martin).
(1966)
U.S. Army scientists drop light bulbs filled with
Bacillus subtilis through ventilation gates and
into the New York City subway system, exposing more than
one million civilians, including women and children, to
the bacteria (Goliszek).
(1967)
The CIA places a chemical in the drinking water supply
of the FDA headquarters in Washington, D.C. to see
whether it is possible to spike drinking water with LSD
and other substances (Cockburn
and St. Clair, eds.).
In a study published in the Journal of Clinical
Investigation, researchers inject pregnant women
with radioactive cortisol to see if the radioactive
material will cross the placentas and affect the fetuses
(Goliszek).
The U.S. Army pays Professor Kligman to apply
skin-blistering chemicals to Holmesburg Prison inmates'
faces and backs, so as to, in Professor Kligman's words,
"learn how the skin protects itself against chronic
assault from toxic chemicals, the so-called hardening
process," information which would have both offensive
and defensive applications for the U.S. military (Kaye).
Professor Kligman develops Retin-A as an acne cream (and
eventually a wrinkle cream), turning him into a
multi-millionaire (Kaye).
Researchers paralyze 64 prison inmates in California
with a neuromuscular compound called succinylcholine,
which produces suppressed breathing that feels similar
to drowning. When five prisoners refuse to participate
in the medical experiment, the prison's special
treatment board gives researchers permission to inject
the prisoners with the drug against their will (Greger).
(1968)
Planned Parenthood of San Antonio and South Central
Texas and the Southwest Foundation for Research and
Education begin an oral contraceptive study on 70
poverty-stricken Mexican-American women, giving only
half the oral contraceptives they think they are
receiving and the other half a placebo. When the results
of this study are released a few years later, it stirs
tremendous controversy among Mexican-Americans (Sharav,
Sauter).
(1969)
Experimental drugs are tested on mentally disabled
children in Milledgeville, Ga., without any
institutional approval whatsoever (Sharav).
Judge Sam Steinfield's dissent in Strunk v. Strunk,
445 S.W.2d 145 marks the first time a judge has
ever suggested that the Nuremberg Code be applied in
American court cases (Sharav).
(1970)
Under order from the National Institutes of Health
(NIH), which also sponsored the Tuskegee Experiment, the
free childcare program at Johns Hopkins University
collects blood samples from 7,000 African-American
youth, telling their parents that they are checking for
anemia but actually checking for an extra Y chromosome
(XYY), believed to be a biological predisposition to
crime. The program director, Digamber Borganokar, does
this experiment without Johns Hopkins University's
permission (Greger,
Merritte, et al.).
(1971)
Stanford University conducts the Stanford Prison
Experiment on a group of college students in order to
learn the psychology of prison life. Some students are
given the role as prison guards, while the others are
given the role of prisoners. After only six days, the
proposed two-week study has to end because of its
psychological effects on the participants. The "guards"
had begun to act sadistic, while the "prisoners" started
to show signs of depression and severe psychological
stress (University
of New Hampshire).
An article entitled "Viral Infections in Man Associated
with Acquired Immunological Deficiency States" appears
in Federation Proceedings. Dr. MacArthur and
Fort Detrick's Special Operations Division have, at this
point, been conducting mycoplasma research to create a
synthetic immunosuppressive agent for about one year,
again suggesting that this research may have produced
HIV (Goliszek).
(1973)
An Ad Hoc Advisory Panel issues its Final
Report on the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, writing, "Society
can no longer afford to leave the balancing of
individual rights against scientific progress to the
scientific community" (Sharav).
(1977)
The National Urban League holds its National Conference
on Human Experimentation, stating, "We don't want to
kill science but we don't want science to kill, mangle
and abuse us" (Sharav).
(1978)
The CDC begins experimental hepatitis B vaccine trials
in New York. Its ads for research subjects specifically
ask for promiscuous homosexual men. Professor Wolf
Szmuness of the Columbia University School of Public
Health had made the vaccine's infective serum from the
pooled blood serum of hepatitis-infected homosexuals and
then developed it in chimpanzees, the only animal
susceptible to hepatitis B, leading to the theory that
HIV originated in chimpanzees before being transferred
over to humans via this vaccine. A few months after
1,083 homosexual men receive the vaccine, New York
physicians begin noticing cases of Kaposi's sarcoma,
Mycoplasma penetrans and a new strain of herpes
virus among New York's homosexual community -- diseases
not usually seen among young, American men, but that
would later be known as common opportunistic diseases
associated with AIDS (Goliszek).
(1980)
According to blood samples tested years later for HIV,
20 percent of all New York homosexual men who
participated in the 1978 hepatitis B vaccine experiment
are HIV-positive by this point (Goliszek).
The first AIDS case appears in San Francisco (Goliszek).
(1981)
The CDC acknowledges that a disease known as AIDS exists
and confirms 26 cases of the disease -- all in
previously healthy homosexuals living in New York, San
Francisco and Los Angeles -- again supporting the
speculation that AIDS originated from the hepatitis B
experiments from 1978 and 1980 (Goliszek).
(1982)
Thirty percent of the test subjects used in the CDC's
hepatitis B vaccine experiment are HIV-positive by this
point (Goliszek).
(1985)
A former U.S. Army sergeant tries to sue the Army for
using drugs on him in without his consent or even his
knowledge in United States v. Stanley, 483 U.S. 669.
Justice Antonin Scalia writes the decision, clearing the
U.S. military from any liability in past, present or
future medical experiments without informed consent (Merritte,
et al..
(1987)
Philadelphia resident Doris Jackson discovers that
researchers have removed her son's brain post mortem
for medical study. She later learns that the state of
Pennsylvania has a doctrine of "implied consent,"
meaning that unless a patient signs a document stating
otherwise, consent for organ removal is automatically
implied (Merritte,
et al.).
(1988)
(1988 - 2001) The New York City Administration for
Children's Services begins allowing foster care children
living in about two dozen children's homes to be used in
National Institutes of Health-sponsored (NIH)
experimental AIDS drug trials. These children --
totaling 465 by the program's end -- experience serious
side effects, including inability to walk, diarrhea,
vomiting, swollen joints and cramps. Children's home
employees are unaware that they are giving the
HIV-infected children experimental drugs, rather than
standard AIDS treatments (New
York City ACS,
Doran).
(1990)
The United States sends 1.7 million members of the armed
forces, 22 percent of whom are African-American, to the
Persian Gulf for the Gulf War ("Desert Storm"). More
than 400,000 of these soldiers are ordered to take an
experimental nerve agent medication called
pyridostigmine, which is later believed to be the cause
of Gulf War Syndrome -- symptoms ranging from skin
disorders, neurological disorders, incontinence,
uncontrollable drooling and vision problems -- affecting
Gulf War veterans (Goliszek;
Merritte, et al.).
The CDC and Kaiser Pharmaceuticals of Southern
California inject 1,500 six-month-old black and Hispanic
babies in Los Angeles with an "experimental" measles
vaccine that had never been licensed for use in the
United States. Adding to the risk, children less than a
year old may not have an adequate amount of myelin
around their nerves, possibly resulting in impaired
neural development because of the vaccine. The CDC later
admits that parents were never informed that the vaccine
being injected into their children was experimental
(Goliszek).
The FDA allows the U.S. Department of Defense to waive
the Nuremberg Code and use unapproved drugs and vaccines
in Operation Desert Shield (Sharav).
(1992)
Columbia University's New York State Psychiatric
Institute and the Mount Sinai School of Medicine give
100 males -- mostly African-American and Hispanic, all
between the ages of six and 10 and all the younger
brothers of juvenile delinquents -- 10 milligrams of
fenfluramine (fen-fen) per kilogram of body weight in
order to test the theory that low serotonin levels are
linked to violent or aggressive behavior. Parents of the
participants received $125 each, including a $25 Toys
'R' Us gift certificate (Goliszek).
(1994)
President Clinton appoints the Advisory Commission on
Human Radiation Experiments (ACHRE), which finally
reveals the horrific experiments conducted during the
Cold War era in its
ACHRE Report.
(1995)
A 19-year-old University of Rochester student named
Nicole Wan dies from participating in an MIT-sponsored
experiment that tests airborne pollutant chemicals on
humans. The experiment pays $150 to human test subjects
(Sharav).
In the Mar. 15 President's Advisory Committee on Human
Radiation Experiments (ACHRE), former human subjects,
including those who were used in experiments as
children, give sworn testimonies stating that they were
subjected to radiation experiments and/or brainwashed,
hypnotized, drugged, psychologically tortured,
threatened and even raped during CIA experiments. These
sworn statements include:
- Christina DeNicola's statement that, in Tucson,
Ariz., from 1966 to 1976, "Dr. B" performed mind
control experiments using drugs, post-hypnotic
injection and drama, and irradiation experiments on
her neck, throat, chest and uterus. She was only
four years old when the experiments started.
- Claudia Mullen's testimony that Dr. Sidney
Gottlieb (of MKULTRA fame) used chemicals,
radiation, hypnosis, drugs, isolation in tubs of
water, sleep deprivation, electric shock,
brainwashing and emotional, sexual and verbal abuse
as part of mind control experiments that had the
ultimate objective of turning her, who was only a
child at the time, into the "perfect spy." She tells
the advisory committee that researchers justified
this abuse by telling her that she was serving her
country "in their bold effort to fight Communism."
- Suzanne Starr's statement that "a physician, who
was retired from the military, got children from the
mountains of Colorado for experiments." She says she
was one of those children and that she was the
victim of experiments involving environmental
deprivation to the point of forced psychosis, spin
programming, injections, rape and frequent
electroshock and mind control sessions. "I have
fought self-destructive programmed messages to kill
myself, and I know what a programmed message is, and
I don’t act on them," she tells the advisory
committee of the experiments' long-lasting effects,
even in her adulthood (Goliszek).
President Clinton publicly apologizes to the thousands
of people who were victims of MKULTRA and other
mind-control experimental programs (Sharav).
President Clinton appoints the National Bioethics
Advisory Committee (Sharav).
Justice Edward Greenfield of the New York State Supreme
Court rules that parents do not have the right to
volunteer their mentally incapacitated children for
non-therapeutic medical research studies and that no
mentally incapacitated person whatsoever can be used in
a medical experiment without informed consent (Sharav).
(1996)
Professor Adil E. Shamoo of the University of Maryland
and the organization Citizens for Responsible Care and
Research sends a written testimony on the unethical use
of veterans in medical research to the U.S. Senate's
Committee on Governmental Affairs, stating: "This type
of research is on-going nationwide in medical centers
and VA hospitals supported by tens of millions of
dollars of taxpayers money. These experiments are high
risk and are abusive, causing not only physical and
psychic harm to the most vulnerable groups but also
degrading our society’s system of basic human values.
Probably tens of thousands of patients are being
subjected to such experiments" ("Testimony
of Adil E. Shamoo, Ph.D.").
The Department of Defense admits that Gulf War soldiers
were exposed to chemical agents; however, 33 percent of
all military personnel afflicted with Gulf War Syndrome
never left the United States during the war,
discrediting the popular mainstream belief that these
symptoms are a result of exposure to Iraqi chemical
weapons (Merritte,
et al.).
President Clinton issues a formal apology to the
subjects of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study and their
families (Sharav).
(1997)
In an experiment sponsored by the U.S. government,
researchers withhold medical treatment from HIV-positive
African-American pregnant women, giving them a placebo
rather than AIDS medication (Sharav).
On Sept. 18, victims of unethical medical experiments at
major U.S. research centers, including the National
Institutes of Mental Health (NIMH) testify before the
National Bioethics Advisory Committee (Sharav).
(1999)
Adil E. Shamoo, Ph.D. testifies on "The Unethical Use of
Human Beings in High-Risk Research Experiments" before
the U.S. House of Representatives' House Committee on
Veterans' Affairs, alerting the House on the use of
American veterans in VA Hospitals as human guinea pigs
and calling for national reforms ("Testimony
of Adil E. Shamoo, Ph.D.").
Doctors at the University of Pennsylvania inject
18-year-old Jesse Gelsinger with an experimental gene
therapy as part of an FDA-approved clinical trial. He
dies four days later and his father suspects that he was
not fully informed of the experiment's risk (Goliszek)
During a clinical trial investigating the effectiveness
of Propulsid for infant acid reflux, nine-month-old Gage
Stevens dies at Children's Hospital in Pittsburgh (Sharav).
(2000)
The U.S. Air Force and rocket maker Lockheed Martin
sponsor a Loma Linda University study that pays 100
Californians $1,000 to eat a dose of perchlorate -- a
toxic component of rocket fuel that causes cancer,
damages the thyroid gland and hinders normal development
in children and fetuses -- every day for six months. The
dose eaten by the test subjects is 83 times the safe
dose of perchlorate set by the State of California,
which has perchlorate in some of its drinking water.
This Loma Linda study is the first large-scale study to
use human subjects to test the harmful effects of a
water pollutant and is "inherently unethical," according
to Environmental Working Group research director Richard
Wiles (Goliszek,
Envirnomental Working Group).
(2001)
On its website, the FDA admits that its policy to
include healthy children in human experiments "has led
to an increasing number of proposals for studies of
safety and pharmacokinetics, including those in children
who do not have the condition for which the drug is
intended" (Goliszek).
In Higgins and Grimes v. Kennedy Krieger Institute
The Maryland Court of Appeals makes a landmark decision
regarding the use of children as test subjects,
prohibiting non-therapeutic experimentation on children
on the basis of "best interest of the individual child"
(Sharav).
(2002)
President George W. Bush signs the Best Pharmaceuticals
for Children Act (BPCA), offering pharmaceutical
companies six-month exclusivity in exchange for running
clinical drug trials on children. This will of course
increase the number of children used as human test
subjects (Hammer
Breslow).
(2003)
Two-year-old Michael Daddio of Delaware dies of
congestive heart failure. After his death, his parents
learn that doctors had performed an experimental surgery
on him when he was five months old, rather than using
the established surgical method of repairing his
congenital heart defect that the parents had been told
would be performed. The established procedure has a 90-
to 95-percent success rate, whereas the inventor of the
procedure performed on baby Daddio would later be fired
from his hospital in 2004 (Willen
and Evans, "Parents of Babies Who Died in Delaware Tests
Weren't Warned").
(2004)
In his BBC documentary "Guinea Pig Kids" and BBC News
article of the same name, reporter Jamie Doran reveals
that children involved in the New York City foster care
system were unwitting human subjects in experimental
AIDS drug trials from 1988 to, in his belief, present
times (Doran).
(2005)
In response to the BBC documentary and article
"Guinea Pig Kids", the New York City Administration
of Children's Services (ACS) sends out an Apr. 22 press
release admitting that foster care children were used in
experimental AIDS drug trials, but says that the last
trial took place in 2001 and thus the trials are not
continuing, as BBC reporter Jamie Doran claims. The ACS
gives the extent and statistics of the experimental drug
trials, based on its own records, and contracts the Vera
Institute of Justice to conduct "an independent review
of ACS policy and practice regarding the enrollment of
HIV-positive children in foster care in clinical drug
trials during the late 1980s and 1990s" (New
York City ACS).
Bloomberg releases a series of reports suggesting that
SFBC, the largest experimental drug testing center of
its time, exploits immigrant and other low-income test
subjects and runs tests with limited credibility due to
violations of both the FDA's and SFBC's own testing
guidelines (Bloomberg).
In October 2005, the American Chemistry Council gave the
EPA $2.1 million to study how children ranging from
infancy to three years old ingest, inhale or absorb
chemicals. Like IG Farben was for the German
pharmaceutical companies of Nazi Germany, the American
Chemistry Council acts much like a front group for
chemical industry bigwigs like Bayer (which was
incidentally also a member of IG Farben), BP, Chevron,
Dow, DuPont, Exxon, Honeywell, 3M, Monsanto and Procter
& Gamble. Studies have already proven that the chemicals
made by these companies have long-term effects
on children and adults. A short, two-year study like
CHEERS would of course fail to reveal these long-term
effects and the American Chemistry Council could then
publicize these findings as "proof" that its chemicals
were safe.
2006 - 2007
Merck begins pushing U.S. states to mandate the
vaccination of teenage girls with Gardasil, a vaccine
they claim prevents HPV, a sexually-transmitted virus.
In February 2007, Texas Gov. Rick Perry -- who was
revealed to have financial ties with Merck, the vaccine
manufacturer -- mandates the vaccine in teenage girls
(see
http://www.newstarget.com/021572.html ). A key Merck
lobbyist named Mike Toomey, it turned out, had served as
Gov. Rick Perry's chief of staff.
The Texas decision to mandate the vaccine was a notable
and troubling milestone in public health policy because
it is the first time a vaccine is mandated for a disease
that cannot be contracted through casual contact in
public schools. It also invoked "gunpoint medicine," or
the threat of arrest at gunpoint for not agreeing to
receive state-mandated injections.
The Gardasil vaccinations remain a grand medical
experiment being performed on children because it is not
yet known what the long-term side effects of the
vaccination will be, nor whether the vaccinations will
actually lower rates of cervical cancer as intended.
2007
Maryland's governor and public health officials, fed up
with the unwillingness of over 2,000 parents to have
their children vaccinated, invoke gunpoint medicine yet
again by threatening the parents with arrest and up to
30 days of imprisonment if they don't submit their
children to state-mandated vaccinations. The children
and parents are later rounded up at a county courthouse,
guarded by attack dogs and security personnel, while a
district Judge oversees the mass injection of
schoolchildren with vaccines that contain toxic mercury.
(See
http://www.newstarget.com/022242.html )
Present day: New Jersey mandates the mass
vaccination of all children with four different
vaccines, stripping away the health freedoms of parents
and unleashing a mass medical experiment that exploits
the bodies of children and enriches pharmaceutical
companies while criminalizing parents who refuse to
participate.
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---. "Parents of Babies Who Died in Delaware Tests
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###
About the author: Mike Adams is a natural health
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