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Defects in Ratification of the 16th Amendment
"If you...examined [The 16th Amendment] carefully, you would find
that a sufficient number of states never ratified that amendment." -
U.S. District Court Judge James C. Fox 2003.
What the IRS website and the Government in general refuse to
recognize is that the Sixteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the
United States was never ratified by a majority of the States. Only
two or less States properly ratified the proposed Amendment. In
February 1913 Secretary of State Knox falsely declared the 16th
Amendment ratified and the government has been unlawfully demanding
taxes ever since.
The 16th Amendment allegedly entitled the government to collect
uneven taxes. The U.S. Constitution does not preclude taxation it
dictates that tax be uniform for everyone, except Indians, and
apportioned equally across all
the States:
Article I, Section 2: "..Representatives and direct Taxes shall
be apportioned among the several States which may be included within
this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be
determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including
those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians
not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons. The actual Enumeration
shall be made within three Years after the first Meeting of the
Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent Term of
ten Years, in such Manner as they shall by Law direct."
The 16th Amendment is claimed by the federal government in the federal territory of Washington, D.C.
to authorize their
private collection company, the IRS, to collect "income tax".
However if the 16th was not properly ratified the IRS has no legal
authority to collect tax. The same applies to local County and
State tax collectors who are also bound by the U.S. Constitution.
After an exhaustive year long search of legislative records in 48
sovereign States conducted by Bill Benson, (Alaska & Hawaii were not admitted into the Union until
after 1913). the only record of the 16th Amendment ever having been confirmed
was a fraudulent proclamation made by the Secretary of State Philander
Knox on February 25, 1913, wherein he simply declared it to be "in
effect", but never stated that it was lawfully ratified. Bill Benson's has an excellent
website, support him:
The Law
That Never Was
Even if the 16th Amendment were properly ratified, according to
Article 1, Section 9 of the Constitution, it has always been
unconstitutional for the U.S. Federal Government to directly tax "We the
People" in their property, wages, salaries, or earnings. U.S. Supreme Court
Judges repeatedly rejected any claims that the 16th Amendment
changed the constitutional limits on direct taxes: Brushaber v. Union
Pacific R.R. Co., 240 U.S. 1, The Supreme Court ruled that the 16th "created no new
power of taxation" and that it "did not change the constitutional
limitations which forbid any direct taxation of individuals".
This and other similar cases have never been overturned.
An argument often made by judges attempting to ignore the fact of
the failure to ratify the 16th, is that precedence under Common Law now
exists because the IRS has been mugging the public for so long and this
somehow legalizes the IRS and the local County Tax collector.
However, the U.S. Constitution is higher law than the precedence of
Common Law, which in itself represents the will of the people and not
the will of the government. Article I, Section 2 of the
Constitution dictates that the IRS and the local County Tax collector
are collecting tax unlawfully.
Bill Benson's exhaustive investigation of the history of the 16th Amendment
revealed the following
defects and prove the 16th horribly failed to receive the necessary
three-fourths of the States approval. To have been ratified 36 of
the 48 States would have had to properly ratify the 16th Amendment.
Naturally for something as significant as the U.S. Constitution,
ratification of an Amendment is extremely important and serious, typos,
spelling and anything that is not an exact copy of the Amendment is
utterly unacceptable, this is no pre-school project.
Record of Failed Ratification of 16th Amendment As Recorded By
Secretary Of State SEE:
KEY:
01- Not ratified by state legislature, and so reported
02- Not ratified by state legislature, but reported as ratified
03- Missing or incomplete evidence of ratification, but reported as
ratified
04- Failure of Governor or other official to sign, although required
by State Constitution
05- Other violation of State Constitution in ratification process
06- Other procedural irregularity making ratification doubtful
07- Approval, but with change in wording, accepted as ratification
of original version
08- Approval, but with change in spelling, accepted as ratification
of original version
09- Approval, but with change in capitalization, accepted as
ratification of original version
10- Approval, but with change in punctuation, accepted as
ratification of original version
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New Hampshire |
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